Complete Wetting as an Interfacial Phase Transition


    The classical wetting process corresponds to liquid droplets or layers that appear in the interface between a vapor phase and a solid substrate. Complete wetting is characterized by vanishing contact angle and thick layers of liquid. In fact, the layer thickness diverges as one approaches the coexistence curve between the liquid and the vapor phase. The nature of this divergence reflects the short- or long-ranged character of the underlying molecular forces [1]. This complete wetting process represents an interfacial phase transition with a diverging correlation length [1] [2] and a vanishing contact probability for the two interfaces bounding the wetting layers [10].

    The critical behavior at complete wetting can be understood in the framework of effective interface models [5] [1]. Depending on the direct molecular interactions between the two interfaces, these transitions exhibit two different scaling regimes: In the fluctuation regime, the transitions are controlled by the fluctuation-induced interactions arising from the hard wall constraint; in the other regime, the transitions are governed by the molecular interactions. [2]. The same distinction applies to systems with quenched disorder [6] [7] and quasi-periodic order [8].
    A particularly subtle case is provided by 3-dimensional systems with short-ranged molecular interactions that decay exponentially with the interfacial separation. In this case, the two regimes can be obtained by a non-perturbative treatment of the hard wall interaction [9] [10] as confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations [10]. The two regimes also differ in the critical behavior of the contact probability for the two interfaces [10].


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